Copernicus Cal/Val Solution - D3.1 Recommendations for R&D activities on Instrumentation Technologies

The Document identifies the gaps in instrumentation technologies for pre-flight characterisation, onboard calibration and Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) used for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) activities for the current Copernicus missions. It also addresses the measurement needs for future Copernicus missions and gives a prioritised list of recommendations for R&D activities on instrumentation technologies. Four types of missions are covered based on the division used in the rest of the CCVS project: optical, altimetry, radar and microwave and atmospheric composition. It also gives an overview of some promising instrumentation technologies in each measurement field for FRM that could fill the gaps for requirements not yet met for the current and future Copernicus missions and identifies the research and development (R&D) activities needed to mature these example technologies. The Document does not provide an exhaustive list of all the new technologies being developed but will give a few examples for each field to show what efforts are being made to fill the gaps. None of the examples is promoted as the best possible solutions. The selection is based on the authors' knowledge during the preparation of the Document. The information included is mainly collected from the deliverables of work packages 1 and 2 in the CCVS project. The new technologies are primarily from the interviews with various measurement networks and campaigns carried out in tasks 2.4 and 2.5. Reference documents can be found in section 1.3

Impact des produits alimentaires premiers prix sur la santé humaine

Le contexte économique difficile de l'année 2008 et 2009 a diminué le pouvoir d'achat des consommateurs français qui sont devenus plus sensibles au prix et se sont de plus en plus tournés pour leur alimentation vers les aliments premiers prix pour diminuer leur budget alimentaire. Parallèlement, on observe en France une augmentation de la prévalence de l'obésité, du diabète de type II et des maladies cardiovasculaires depuis vingt ans qui touchent principalement les populations les plus défavorisées. Ces personnes sont les principaux consommateurs des produits premiers prix donc il faut savoir si d'un point de vue nutritionnel ces produits ont un impact sur la santé humaine, d'autant plus que les ventes de ces produits sont en pleine progression ces dernières années. Les études publiées montrent que les produits de marques nationales offrent une meilleure qualité d'ingrédients mais qu'il faut payer assez cher pour obtenir en retour une faible différence dans le score final. Par contre, la densité énergétique moyenne est équivalente entre les marques. Les produits premiers prix ne sont donc pas plus riches en énergie et plus gras que les autres.RENNES1-BU Santé (352382103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Nanocarb-21: a miniature Fourier-Transform spectro-imaging concept for a daily monitoring of greenhouse gas concentration on the earth surface

International audienceEarth's positive radiative forcing is significantly accelerated by massive anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane [1]. Since 2014 the concentration of CO2 exceeds 400 parts per million (ppm), and the concentration of CH4 climbs up to 1900 parts per billion (ppb) [2] with a constant annual increase. Thereby it is a major issue to quantify the impact and potential disturbances induced on the geophysical natural carbon cycle. To better constrain climate models, it is important to improve our knowledge of CO2 fluxes between terrestrial reservoirs (biosphere, atmosphere and ocean) and to be able to distinguish natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of carbon. Currently, a few space missions are dedicated to the monitoring of greenhouse gas concentration, such as OCO and GOSAT, potentially soon relayed by ESA mission CarbonSat and CNES mission MicroCarb. This spatial constellation is backed on ground by a network of stations. The ultimate goal is to be able to monitoring the greenhouse gas emission from local (city) to global scale (Earth) systematically at any time [3].Nevertheless, the revisit frequency is not yet sufficient to reach a daily coverage. There is also not real continuous sampling of the surface (only obtain by averaging data over time).Within this context we propose the NanoCarb-21 space mission, to complete the observational data flows with high spatially resolved daily data, additionally to the MicroCarb mission. This goal requires a large constellation of satellites in orbit at a given moment. We can realistically achieve this by considering nanosatellites, cheaper to develop, product and launch. It is a huge challenge to make science with a cubesat, considering miniaturization issues of the payload. Thus we cannot aim to be independent of MicroCarb mission and of the existing constellation, for example concerning the limited on-board calibration systems.We present in this paper the design of an ultra-compact imaging spectrometer for the NanoCarb-21 mission, based on the last developments about μSPOC (Spectrometer on Chip) technology at the ONERA and IPAG. We firstly describe the preliminary mission elements in the section II. Then the section III presents the payload, by detailing μSPOC technology, conversion into imaging-spectrometer, and the current optical/implementation design. We finally expose in the sections IV and V our pre-phase-0 studies, consisting in optimizing the design, maximizing the sensitivity, and predicting some performances, according to numerical simulations presented in the section IV

Structural, morphological and electrical properties of nickel oxide thin films deposited by reactive sputtering

International audienc

Application of bile acids in drug formulation and delivery

Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefits through their endocrinological, microfloral, metabolic and other åffects that are still to be elucidated. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using bile acids as absorption enhancers for drug delivery. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules with a unique ability to facilitate and promote drug permeation through biological membranes. The role of bile acids in promoting drug permeation has been experimentally illustrated in various pharmaceutical formulations including oral, nasal, ocular, buccal, pulmonary and rectal delivery as well as through the blood–brain barrier. Recently, bile acids have drawn attention in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to act as a drug carrier system in the form of mixed micelles, bilosomes and chemical conjugates with drug molecules. Bile acids have demonstrated a unique ability to enhance the epithelial transport of hydrophilic drugs through the paracellular route and that of hydrophobic compounds through both paracellular and transcellular routes. The aim of this review is to discuss various chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of BAs and their potential applications in drug formulation and delivery

Copernicus Cal/Val Solution: Recommendations for R&D activities on instrumentation technologies

Raport Euroopa Liidu kaugseire programmi Copernicus raames kasutusel olevatest kalibreerimise ja valideerimise tehnoloogiatest ja puudujääkidest. Raportis antakse soovitusi uurimis- ja arendustegevusteks tehnoloogia valdkonnas ja esitletakse arenduses olevaid instrumente, mis võiksid seniseid puudujääke tulevikus lahendada.The Document identifies the gaps in instrumentation technologies for pre-flight characterisation, on board calibration and Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) used for calibration and validation (Cal/Val) activities for the current Copernicus missions. It also addresses the measurement needs for future Copernicus missions and gives a prioritised list of recommendations for R&D activities on instrumentation technologies